A rare case of post-ictal diffuse alveolar hemorrhage due to seizures

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is persistent or recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage that occurs due to a variety of causes. Here, we present the case of a 15-year-old male child who presented with chief complaints of involuntary jerking movements of the entire body in the morning followed by coughing out a massive amount of blood. At presentation, the patient’s blood glucose level was high. Bronchoscopy revealed bleeding in the middle and lower lobes of both lungs. Computed tomography (CT) brain was suggestive of cerebral edema and the CT chest was suggestive of diffuse opacities in bilateral lung fields. The patient was started on corticosteroids, antiplatelet drugs, antiepileptics, insulin, and oxygen inhalation which helped the patient to recover and was discharged in a week’s time.

Effect of emergency nursing process in hospital for acute massive hemoptysis based on business reengineering theory / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:Based on the business reengineering theory, to construct the emergency nursing process of acute massive hemoptysis in hospital and explore the effect of it.Methods:According to the order of hospitalization, 200 patients with acute massive hemoptysis admitted to the emergency department in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affilated to Tongji University from January to June in 2020 were selected as the control group, and the original treatment process was adopted. Two hundred patients admitted to the emergency department of this hospital from July to December in 2020 were selected as the experimental group, and the reconstructed in-hospital emergency nursing process for acute massive hemoptysis was applied. In both groups, the researchers recorded the time spent in each sub-process by using the in-hospital treatment time record of acute massive hemoptysis and collected the clinical outcomes of patients through electronic cases. The time-consuming, treatment efficiency and patient outcome of each link of the treatment process in the backyard of the two groups were compared.Results:Finally, 192 patients were enrolled in the control group and the experimental group. The median time from admission to intravenous use of hemostatic drugs and from admission to endovascular treatment in the experimental group were 21.50(20.00, 22.50) and 82.50(79.50, 84.50) min, which were lower than those in the control group which spent 40.87(37.06, 44.43) and 135.50(123.50, 147.00) min, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant ( Z=-16.84, 16.63, both P<0.01). The incidence of asphyxia caused by acute massive hemoptysis in the experimental group was 4.2%(8/192), which was lower than that in the control group, which was 13.0%(25/192) . There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of asphyxia between the two groups( χ2=9.58, P<0.01). Conclusions:The emergency nursing process of acute massive hemoptysis effectively shortens the time of in-hospital treatment of acute massive hemoptysis, further promotes the seamless connection of multiple links of in-hospital treatment of acute massive hemoptysis, and improves the overall efficiency of in-hospital treatment of patients with acute massive hemoptysis.

A case of corrosive digestive tract and lung injury caused by ingestion of pipeline dredging agent / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Ingestion of corrosive substances can severely burn the upper digestive tract leading to bleeding or perforation, and may even be life-threatening. Less commonly, damage to the trachea and bronchi is involved. In this paper, a case of corrosive digestive tract injury and lung injury after oral administration of pipeline dredging agent (the main components are hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hypochlorite, etc.) was analyzed. After active rescue treatment, the patient died of massive hemoptysis. It is suggested that serious complications may occur after ingestion of corrosive substances. Timely diagnosis and reasonable medical management are needed to improve the level of recognition and treatment of such diseases.

Reporte de caso: hemoptisis masiva como manifestación clínica de un síndrome de Swyer-James-Mac Leod / Case report: massive hemoptysis as a clinical manifestation of Swyer-James-Mac Leod syndrome

El síndrome de Swyer-James-Mac Leod es una entidad poco frecuente adquirida en la infancia, generalmente tras una infección pulmonar moderada a grave de tipo bronquiolitis o neumonía, generalmente virales. Ocasionalmente se tiene el antecedente de infecciones repetidas de este tipo. Consiste en el desarrollo de enfisema hipoplásico pulmonar unilateral, que puede a veces relacionarse con bronquiectasias ipsilaterales o bilaterales, obstrucción fija al flujo aéreo y puede también asociarse a reducción del flujo sanguíneo del pulmón hipoplásico, de manera focal o difusa, con o sin tortuosidad de la vascularización proximal y a veces con una compensación del pulmón contralateral, en forma de sobredistensión e hiperflujo vascular relativo. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 79 años de edad con antecedentes de infecciones tipo bronquiolitis virales repetidas en la infancia, obstrucción fija grave al flujo aéreo y hemoptisis masiva secundaria a una infección por Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensible a la terapia antibiótica habitual.

Swyer-James-Mac Leod syndrome is a rare condition acquired in childhood, usually after a moderate to severe lung infection such as bronchiolitis or pneumonia, usually viral. Occasionally there is a history of repeated infections of this type. It consists of the development of unilateral pulmonary hypoplastic emphysema, which can sometimes be related to ipsilateral or bilateral bronchiectasis, fixed airflow obstruction, and may also be associated with reduced blood flow in the hypoplastic lung, with or without tortuosity of the proximal vascular supply and sometimes with compensation from the contralateral lung, in the form of overdistension and relative vascular hyperflow. We present the case of a 79-year-old man with a history of recurrent viral bronchiolitis-type infections in childhood, severe fixed airflow obstruction, and massive hemoptysis secondary to a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection sensitive to usual antibiotic therapy.

Hemosiderosis pulmonar idiopática, caso clínico en México. Importancia de un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno / Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, clinical case in Mexico. The relevance of performed an early diagnosis and treatment

La hemosiderosis pulmonar idiopática (HPI) es una patología poco frecuente; su distribución geográfica, su incidencia y prevalencia se desconocen de manera exacta a nivel mundial. Tiene una fuerte asociación con condiciones autoinmunes y una adecuada respuesta al tratamiento inmunosupresor. A pesar de ser una patología grave, presenta una tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad mediana, siempre que se realice un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente femenina con diagnóstico de HPI quien cursó con la triada clásica de esta enfermedad: hemoptisis, anemia ferropénica e infiltrados pulmonares difusos. Se descartaron otras causas de hemorragia pulmonar difusa y se realizó el diagnóstico por biopsia pulmonar. Se trató con esteroides sistémicos e inhalados y azatioprina. Tras casi 2 años después del diagnóstico, estando sin tratamiento por 3 meses, presentó una exacerbación con hemorragia pulmonar masiva ocasionando el fallecimiento de la paciente.

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare pathology; its geographic distribution, incidence and prevalence are not accurately known worldwide. It has a strong association with autoimmune conditions and has an adequate response to immunosuppressive treatment. Despite being a serious pathology, it has a medium morbidity and mortality rate, provided that early diagnosis and treatment is performed. We present the clinical case of a female patient diagnosed with IPH who presented with the classic triad of this disease: hemoptysis, iron deficiency anemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Other causes of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage were ruled out and the diagnosis was made by lung biopsy. She was managed with systemic and inhaled steroids and azathioprine. After almost 2 years before the diagnosis, being without treatment for 3 month she had a massive pulmonary hemorrhage, causing the death of the patient.

Plasmocitoma traqueal: Una causa inusual de hemoptisis / Plasmacytoma of the Trachea: an Unusual Cause of Hemoptysis

RESUMEN Presentamos el caso de un paciente afectado por un mieloma múltiple refractario a diversas líneas de tratamiento, que ingresó por hemoptisis causada por la aparición de un plasmocitoma en la tráquea. El hallazgo se produjo por broncoscopia y el diagnós tico y tratamiento se realizó mediante técnicas endoscópicas, con muy buen resultado funcional. El caso es de interés por su escasa frecuencia, así como para dar a conocer a la comunidad este tipo de presentación atípica y su posible manejo.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a patient affected by multiple myeloma refractory to various lines of treatment who was admitted due to hemoptysis caused by the appearance of a plasmacytoma in the trachea. The finding was obtained from a bronchoscopy, and the diagnosis and treatment were made by means of endoscopic techniques, with a very good functional result. This case is of interest because it is unusual and also because it allows us to raise awareness among the community of this atypical presentation and possible managemen

Giant Hydatid Cyst of Lungs

Introduction: Hydatid disease in humans is caused by zoonotic parasites, after accidental ingestion of food contaminated by ova of Echinococcus granulosus. Giant hydatid cyst of the lung is most commonly seen in children, but it is rare in human adults. The lung is the second most common organ affected by hydatid diseases after the liver in humans. History and radiological findings are usually helpful in diagnosing hydatid cysts, but serology can add to the diagnosis. A small pulmonary cyst may be asymptomatic; however, giant or ruptured cysts may develop fatal complications. The surgical intervention followed by pharmacological therapy is the treatment of choice for giant hydatid cysts of the lungs. Case description: Here, we present a case of giant right-side hydatid cysts, presented with complaints of dyspnea, fever, and hemoptysis. The patient was successfully managed by right thoracotomy with an uneventful postoperative course. Conclusion: Giant hydatid lung cysts can present with any respiratory symptoms with fatal outcomes. Surgery followed by pharmacotherapy is the treatment of choice for giant pulmonary hydatid cysts.

Insuficiencia respiratoria y hemoptisis en paciente con dengue: Hemorragia alveolar difusa como presentación inusual de dengue grave / Respiratory insufficiency and hemoptysis in a patient with dengue: Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage as an unusual presentation of severe dengue

Introducción: La infección por el virus del dengue es una enfermedad endémica en ciertas regiones del Perú. La mayoría de estos casos se clasifican como dengue sin signos de alarma y la mortalidad reportada es menor de 1%. Sin embargo, existen ciertas condiciones asociadas a la enfermedad que podrían incrementar la mortalidad. Reporte de caso: Se presenta el caso de una paciente mujer de 48 años procedente de área endémica de esta infección con cuadro clínico y hallazgos laboratoriales compatibles con enfermedad por dengue con signos de alarma. Durante la hospitalización, cursa con hemoptisis e insuficiencia respiratoria produciendo su posterior fallecimiento. Conclusión: Es importante reconocer la hemorragia alveolar difusa como parte del compromiso respiratorio por dengue y diferenciarlo de otras posibilidades infecciosas y no infecciosas para poder brindar el manejo adecuado de forma temprana.

Background: Dengue virus infection is an endemic disease in some regions of Peru. Most of these cases are classified as dengue without warning signs and the reported mortality is less than 1%. However, there are certain conditions associated with the disease that could increase mortality. We Case report:present the case of a 48-year-old female patient from a dengue endemic area with clinical and laboratory compatible with dengue disease with warning signs. During hospitalization, she presents hemoptysis and respiratory insufficiency, leading to death. It is important to recognize diffuse alveolar Conclusion:hemorrhage as part of dengue respiratory manifestations and to differentiate it from other infectious and non-infectious possibilities in order to provide appropriate and early management.

Bronchial arteriography CT combined with bronchoscopy in diagnosis of Dieulafoy′s disease (a report of 5 cases) / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of bronchial arteriography CT (BA-ACT) combined with bronchoscopy (BS) in bronchial Dieulafoy′s disease (BDD), and the role of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in the treatment of BDD.Methods:Retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 5 patients suspected of being BDD treated by BS in Guangzhou First People′s Hospital or Guangzhou Thoracic Hospital from January 2008 to January 2018 due to hemoptysis. Bronchial arteriography (BAG) and BA-ACT were performed during the operation of interventional embolization. BAG rotary acquisition data were post-processed according to BS findings, and BA-ACT reconstruction images of the diseased bronchi and bronchial arteries were obtained. BS reexamination and clinical follow-up observation were carried out after embolization to analyze the effect of embolization.Results:There were one BDD lesion for the five patients respectively, and the BAG lacked characteristic manifestations. Bronchoscopy revealed BDD foci to present as papillary (case 1-case 3), nodular (case 4), or lirellate (case 5) subbronchial submucosal protrusion lesions. On the BA-ACT reconstruction plot, the BDD lesions of papillary, nodular and carination manifested correspondingly as a bronchial artery branches locally " pointed arch" shaped (cases 1-case 4) or " bead-like" (case 5) fold and protruding toward the bronchial lumen. The BDD lesions of the cases 1-case 4 retraction and disappearance after one BAE were observed by BS examination, and no hemoptysis recurrence during the follow-up period (54-91 months). The ridge like BDD lesion of the case 5 remained unchanged after BAE, and hemoptysis recurred at 71 months after the first BAE; the uncollapsed foci were supplied by two collateral vessels that confirmed by second BAG and BA-ACT, and no hemoptysis for 71 months followed up after second BAE.Conclusions:BA-ACT combined with BS enables a locative and qualitative diagnosis of BDD, and BAE is a very effective treatment method for BDD.

Case report of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with hemoptysis in a child with cystic fibrosis / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

The clinical data of a cystic fibrosis (CF) child with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and hemoptysis in the Department of Respiratory Disease Ⅰ, Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University in May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Meanwhile, relevant literature was reviewed to analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of CF patients with ABPA.This patient was a 15 years and 4 months old boy and complained of recurrent cough with sputum.The test showed increased blood eosinophils, total serum IgE higher than 500 IU/mL, positive aspergillus fumigatus specific IgE and IgG antibodies.Chest CT revealed central bronchiectasis and high-density mucus thrombus, and the patient was initially diagnosed with ABPA.Further examinations suggested the sweat chloride concentration was 89 mmol/L, and the genetic results showed a compound heterozygous mutation of CFTR (c.2909G>A from his father, c.3310G>T from his mother). Then, he was diagnosed with CF complicated with ABPA and treated with glucocorticoid and antifungal therapy.The disease was repeated after drug withdrawal.Due to hemoptysis, the right upper lobe lobectomy was performed.Unfortunately, ABPA occurred again 2 years later.The child is being followed up at present.CF is a rare monogenetic disease with poor prognosis.It is difficult to treat CF patients with ABPA and the disease repeats easily.Early identification and treatment will improve the prognosis.

Lobectomía pulmonar de urgencia en paciente con cuadro de hemoptisis grave por COVID-19 / Emergency pulmonary lobectomy in a patient with severe hemoptisis due to COVID-19

Resumen Los síntomas más frecuentes de los pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2 suelen ser fiebre, tos, odinofagia, cefalea, mialgias y diarrea. Un porcentaje mucho menor padece mareos, rinorrea y hemoptisis como síntomas asociados. Sin embargo, la gran magnitud que adquirió esta segunda ola, puede hacer que esta última complicación se presente con más frecuencia. Se describe el caso de un paciente de 49 años con antecedente de infección reciente por COVID-19 con requerimiento de ARM por insuficiencia respiratoria que intercurrió, durante la internación en sala general, con derrame pleural de tipo paraneumónico y episodios de hemoptisis persistente que se resolvió de forma quirúrgica. Durante la cirugía se encontró un importante proceso fibro adherencial y un pulmón congestivo con aumento focal de la consistencia y áreas de necrosis.

Abstract The most common symptoms in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are fever, cough, odynophagia, headache, myalgia, and diarrhea. A much smaller percentage have dizziness, rhinorrhea, and hemoptysis as associated symptoms. However, the great magnitude that this second wave acquired, can make this last com plication appear more frequently. This report describes the case of a 49-year-old patient with a history of recent COVID-19 infection with requirement of mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure, who developed during hospitalization in the general ward with parapneumonic pleural effusion and episodes of persistent hemoptysis that required surgical treatment. During surgery, a significant fibro-adhesion process and a congestive lung with focal increased consistency and areas of necrosis were found.

Características demográficas, clínicas, radiológicas y de función pulmonar en pacientes con bronquiectasias / Radiological and pulmonary function clinical demographic characteristics in patients with bronchiectasias

OBJETIVOS: determinar las principales características demográficas, clínicas, radiológicas y de función pulmonar de los pacientes con bronquiectasias en la Clínica del Pulmón. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio observacional, retrospectivo. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 23 pacientes con diagnóstico de dilataciones bronquiales. RESULTADOS: de los 23 pacientes, con una edad media de 49,4 ± 3,87 años, 13 corresponden al sexo femenino y 10 al sexo masculino, el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad desde el diagnóstico de la patología inicial es de 17,3 ± 2,92 años. La tuberculosis es la etiología principal en 15 pacientes (65,2%). Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son la tos y expectoración mucopurulenta por varios años en la mayoría de los pacientes, al que añadimos la disnea y hemoptisis, la auscultación pulmonar revela la presencia de crépitos en 17 pacientes (73,9%). La Tomografía de Tórax de Alta Resolución distingue dos tipos de bronquiectasias: La sacular o quística y la cilíndrica, de localización unilobar, bilobar y multilobar (difuso). La Espirometría Forzada fue indicada en 10 pacientes (43,5%) 7 mujeres y 3 varones, el Síndrome Bronquial Obstructivo fue el hallazgo más frecuente. La asociación de Tetraciclina con Metronidazol indicado en 9 pacientes (39,1%) mejoró el cuadro clínico. La fisiopatología de esta entidad clínica está sujeta a una constante actualización. CONCLUSIONES: en pacientes tosedores crónicos, las bronquiectasias deben tener prioridad diagnóstica, se trata de una patología antigua, pero de actualidad permanente.

The purpose of this document is to determine the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with bronchiectasis at the Lung Clinic. METHOD: observational, retrospective study. The medical records of 23 patients diagnosed with bronchial dilation were reviewed. RESULTS: the results of the 23 patients studied, with a mean age of 49,4 ± 3,87 years, 13 correspond to the female sex and 10 to the male sex, indicate that the time of evolution of the disease from the diagnosis of the initial pathology is: 17,3 ± 2,92 years. Tuberculosis is the main etiology in 15 patients (65,2%). The most frequent clinical manifestations were cough and mucopurulent expectoration of several years in most of the patients, to which we must add dyspnea and hemoptysis, pulmonary auscultation reveals the presence of crepitus in 17 patients (73,9%). High Resolution Chest Tomography distinguishes two types of bronchiectasis: the saccular or cystic and the cylindrical, the localization is unilobar, bilobar and multilobar (diffuse). Forced spirometry was indicated in 10 patients (43,5%), 7 women and 3 men, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is the main diagnosis. The association of Tetracycline with Metronidazole indicated in 9 patients (39,1%) had positive results. The pathophysiology of this clinical entity is subject to constant updating. CONCLUSIONS: in chronic coughing patients, bronchiectasis must have diagnostic priority, it is an old pathology, but it is permanently current

Clinical outcomes of cystic fibrosis patients with hemoptysis treated with bronchial artery embolization / Desfechos clínicos de pacientes com fibrose cística e hemoptise tratada por meio de embolização arterial brônquica

ABSTRACT Objective: Massive hemoptysis is one of the most serious complications in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study aimed to evaluate the hemoptysis-free period following bronchial and non-bronchial artery embolization (BAE/non-BAE) in CF patients and to investigate predictors of recurrent bleeding and mortality by any cause. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of CF patients ≥ 16 years of age undergoing BAE/non-BAE for hemoptysis between 2000 and 2017. Results: We analyzed 39 hemoptysis episodes treated with BAE/non-BAE in 17 CF patients. Hemoptysis recurrence rate was 56.4%. Of the sample as a whole, 3 (17.6%) were hemoptysis-free during the study period, 2 (11.8%) underwent lung transplantation, and 3 (17.6%) died. The median hemoptysis-free period was 17 months. The median hemoptysis-free period was longer in patients with chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31 months; 95% CI: 0.00-68.5) than in those without that type of infection (4 months; 95% CI: 1.8-6.2; p = 0.017). However, this association was considered weak, and its clinical significance was uncertain due to the small number of patients without that infection. Conclusions: BAE appears to be effective in the treatment of hemoptysis in patients with CF.

RESUMO Objetivo: A hemoptise maciça é uma das complicações mais graves em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o período livre de hemoptise após a embolização arterial brônquica/não brônquica (EAB/não EAB) em pacientes com FC e investigar preditores de sangramento recorrente e mortalidade por qualquer causa. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de coorte de pacientes com FC com idade ≥ 16 anos submetidos a EAB/não EAB para o tratamento de hemoptise entre 2000 e 2017. Resultados: Foram analisados 39 episódios de hemoptise tratada por meio de EAB/não EAB em 17 pacientes com FC. A taxa de recidiva da hemoptise foi de 56,4%. Do total de pacientes, 3 (17,6%) permaneceram sem hemoptise durante o estudo, 2 (11,8%) foram submetidos a transplante de pulmão e 3 (17,6%) morreram. A mediana do período sem hemoptise foi de 17 meses. A mediana do período sem hemoptise foi maior em pacientes com infecção crônica por Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31 meses; IC95%: 0,00-68,5) do que naqueles sem esse tipo de infecção (4 meses; IC95%: 1,8-6,2; p = 0,017). No entanto, essa associação foi considerada fraca, e sua importância clínica foi considerada incerta em virtude do pequeno número de pacientes sem essa infecção. Conclusões: A EAB parece ser eficaz no tratamento de hemoptise em pacientes com FC.

Vasculitis inusual asociada a anticuerpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilos / Unusual vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

Introducción: Las vasculitis asociadas a autoanticuerpos citoplasmáticos de neutrófilos son afecciones infrecuentes con una incidencia reportada de 46 a 184 casos por millón de personas y aparecen, generalmente, en edades tardías de la vida. Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos de una paciente en la que se diagnosticó vasculitis pauciinmune tipo poliangeítis microscópica tardíamente. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 60 años con antecedente de enfermedad renal crónica y compromiso respiratorio manifestado por disnea, tos productiva, malestar general y fiebre. En las imágenes se evidenció bronquiectasias y en los exámenes de laboratorio factor reumatoideo alto, autoanticuerpos citoplasmáticos antineutrófilos perinucleares positivos, anticuerpos antinucleares negativos y hemosiderófagos en el lavado broncoalveolar. Se instauró manejo con corticoides sistémicos con franca mejoría clínica. Sin embargo, una malformación arteriovenosa que originó una hemorragia en la fosa posterior, le ocasionó la muerte. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de las vasculitis es complejo y depende en gran medida del criterio clínico, por lo que el médico debe estar presto a la interpretación de las manifestaciones clínicas y de los hallazgos paraclínicos(AU)

Introduction: Vasculitis associated with neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies are infrequent conditions with a reported incidence of 46 to 184 cases per million people and it generally appears late in life. Objective: To describe the findings of a patient in whom microscopic polyangiitis-type pauciimmune vasculitis was late diagnosed. Clinical case report: We report a case of a 60-year-old patient with history of chronic kidney disease and respiratory compromise exhibited by dyspnea, productive cough, general malaise and fever. The images showed bronchiectasis and laboratory tests revealed high rheumatoid factor, positive perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies, negative antinuclear antibodies, and bronchoalveolar lavage exposed hemosiderophages. Management with systemic corticosteroids was established with clear clinical improvement. However, an arteriovenous malformation that caused a hemorrhage in the posterior fossa caused his death. Conclusions: The diagnosis of vasculitis is complex and depends largely on clinical criteria, so physicians must be ready to interpret the clinical manifestations and paraclinical findings(AU)

Agenesia unilateral de la arteria pulmonar: presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Unilateral agenesis pulmonary artery: presentation of two cases and review of the literature

Unilateral agenesis of the pulmonary artery is a rare malformation, sometimes asymptomatic and underdiagnosed. Right agenesis is usually isolated, while the left agenesis is more frequently associated with cardiovascular malformations. Some patients have recurrent respiratory infections, exercise limitation, hemoptysis, and/or pulmonary hypertension. The diagnosis is suspected by chest radiograph showing a hypoplastic lung ipsilateral to the agenesis. It is confirmed with contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography. In asymptomatic patients, management should be conservative, however, the search for collateral vessels should be started from adolescence, because they can bleed. In symptomatic patients or those with serious complications, the treatment must be interventional. The objective of this article is to present two patients with right and left pulmonary artery agenesis respectively and review the literature.

La agenesia unilateral de la arteria pulmonar es una malformación poco frecuente, en ocasiones asintomática y subdiagnosticada. La agenesia derecha suele ser aislada, en cambio la izquierda se asocia más frecuentemente a malformaciones cardiovasculares. Algunos pacientes presentan infecciones respiratorias recurrentes, limitación al ejercicio, hemoptisis y/o hipertensión pulmonar. El diagnóstico se sospecha al solicitar una radiografía de tórax que muestra un pulmón hipoplásico ipsilateral a la agenesia. Se confirma con tomografía computada de tórax con contraste. En pacientes asintomáticos el manejo debe ser conservador, sin embargo, se debe iniciar la búsqueda de vasos colaterales especialmente durante la adolescencia, los que pueden sangrar. En cambio, en los pacientes sintomáticos o que presentan complicaciones graves, el tratamiento debe ser intervencional. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar a dos pacientes con agenesia de la arteria pulmonar derecha e izquierda respectivamente y hacer una revisión de la literatura.

Hemoptisis como signo de alarma de pseudoaneurisma de la aorta torácica: reporte de caso / Hemoptysis as a warning sign of thoracic aorta pseudoaneurysm: a case report

El pseudoaneurisma se define como un hematoma pulsátil repermeabilizado, encapsulado y en comunicación con la luz de un vaso dañado. Se origina cuando hay una disrupción de la pared arterial. La hemoptisis es un signo/síntoma de presentación muy rara de aneurisma aórtico torácico y de pseudoaneurisma aórtico torácico. Hay poca información sobre la hemoptisis asociada con la ruptura del aneurisma aórtico cuyo mecanismo no se explica por la presencia de una fístula aortopulmonar. Entre las hipótesis para explicar este fenómeno, se encuentra la capacidad de las arterias bronquiales de volverse hiperplásicas y tortuosas en presencia de una lesión que modifica la arquitectura pulmonar, siendo más susceptibles a la ruptura. También hay descripciones de lesiones directas del parénquima pulmonar por aneurisma roto. El presente caso nos ilustra que debemos considerar a la hemoptisis como signo de alarma en el diagnóstico diferencial de los aneurismas y pseudoaneurismas aórticos entre otras causas que puede ser fatal en breve tiempo por una hemorragia masiva.

Pseudoaneurysm is defined as a reperfused pulsatile hematoma, encapsulated and communicated with the damaged vessel's lumen. It originates when there is a disruption of the arterial wall. Hemoptysis is a very rare sign/symptom of a thoracic aortic aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm. There is little information on hemoptysis associated with aortic aneurysm rupture, whose mechanisms are not explained by the presence of an aortopulmonary fistula. Among the hypotheses to explain this phenomenon, is the ability of the bronchial arteries to become hyperplasic and tortuous in the presence of a lesion that modifies the pulmonary architecture, being more susceptible to rupture. There are also descriptions of direct lung parenchymal injury from ruptured aneurysm. The present case illustrates that we must consider the hemoptysis as a warning sign in differential diagnosis of aortic aneurysms and pseudo aneurysms, among other causes, that it can be fatal in a short time due to massive hemorrhage.

Successful cesarean sections under rigid bronchoscopy combined with general anesthesia in two cases of massive hemoptysis during late pregnancy / 中华围产医学杂志

We report two women with massive hemoptysis during late pregnancy, who gave birth to two live neonates by cesarean section under a rigid bronchoscopy-guided high-frequency jet ventilation combined with general anesthesia at 33 and 28 gestational weeks, respectively. Bronchoscopy- guided hemostasis was achieved during the operation. Postoperative bronchial arteriography and bronchial artery embolization confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular malformations. During the 12-month follow-up, no relapse of hemoptysis was observed and the two babies were healthy.

Angiographic anatomy of lateral costal artery and its clinical significance / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To study the angiographic anatomy of the lateral costal artery (LCA) and its effect on hemoptysis.Methods:The CT data of angiography and angiographic-CT in 303 patients with hemoptysis in Guangzhou First People′s Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The origin and travel of the lateral costal artery and the blood supply of the LCA involved in the pulmonary lesion were analyzed.Results:In 303 patients with hemoptysis, 30 LCA were detected in 24 cases, including 12 on the left and 18 on the right, 18 on one side and 6 on both sides. All of them were the first branch of the first segment of the internal thoracic artery (ITA). The level of LCA originating from ITA was located in 1(3.3%) branch above clavicle, 27(90.0%) branches behind clavicle and 2(6.7%) branches below clavicle. LCA entered into the chest behind the first anterior rib, and walked along inner surface of the thorax from the anterior and superior direction to the outer and posterior direction, between the rib-intercostal medial muscle and pleura (i.e., anatomical intrathoracic fascia), and mostly terminated at the axillary midline plane. 28 LCA in 23 patients which can be used for morphological analysis, roughly manifested as follow three shapes: ⑴ 13(46.4%) of them were arc-shaped. The developed LCA was longer and showed shallow or deep arc-shaped curve; ⑵ High flat shape, total 11 LCA (39.3%), the LCA were relatively shorter, position higher and more gentle; ⑶ 4(14.3%) were straight and oblique. The developed LCA was relatively long, and the angle between LCA and ITA was linear. 11 vessels (36.67%) of 10 patients participated in the blood supply of pulmonary lesions, among which 2, 5, 1, 2 and 1 vessels were responsible for the first, second, third, fourth and fifth hemoptysis respectively.Conclusions:The LCA is a relatively common blood vessel and it can be well shown by angiography and angiographic CT. It is of great clinical significance to understand LCA.

Case report of bronchial Dieulafoy disease in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

The clinical data of a child with bronchial Dieulafoy disease treated in Wuhan Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, was analyzed retrospectively.The patient was a 9-month-old boy, who was admitted to hospital due to " intermittent hematemesis vomiting blood for 6 hours" . Chest CT suggested ground-glass opacity in both lungs.Electronic bronchoscopy showed that the neoplasm bulged into the lumen at the opening of the right inferior lobar bronchus, and fresh blood oozed from the basal segment of the neoplasm during the operation.Bronchial arteriography and transcatheter bronchial artery embolization were performed due to recurrent hemoptysis, during which the patient was diagnosed with bronchial arterial vascular malformation and finally diagnosed with bronchial Dieulafoy disease after consulting the relevant literatures.The disease is infrequent and characterized by rupture hemorrhage of bronchial submucosal malformed artery, the etiology and pathogenesis of which are still unclear, and it may be related to congenital vascular malformation in children.Bronchoscopy for hemoptysis of unknown cause in children should be performed with caution.If small and smooth protruded nodular lesions are seen under the bronchoscope, the bronchial Dieulafoy disease should be considered, and the lesions should not be touched too much or subjected to biopsy blindly.Fatal massive hemorrhage can be avoided by bronchial arteriography and bronchial artery embolization.

A Retrospective Study to Explore Prognostic Factors of Short Survival in Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma upon the Time of Admission to Palliative Care Unit

Objective: This study investigated prognostic factors of short survival in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) upon the time of their admission to the Palliative Care Unit (PCU). Method: We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of 12 patients with MPM, who died at the PCU of our hospital from January 2016 to April 2018. According to the classification of survival period by previous predictor model, these patients were classified into three Groups, Group A: less than 13 days, Group B: between 14 and 55 days, and Group C: more than 56 days. Results: The number of patients was 5 in Group A, 5 in Group B, and 2 in Group C, respectively. Hemoptysis was seen in 40% of patients of Group A only and oxygen inhalation was necessary for all the patients of Group A. Dysphagia and bilateral pleural involvement were seen in 80% of Group A and in 60% of Group B. Pneumonia was seen in 60% of Group A and in 20% of Group B. The above four factors were not seen in Group C. Conclusion: This preliminary study suggests that hemoptysis, dysphagia, bilateral pleural involvement, pneumonia, and oxygen inhalation are possibly prognostic factors of short survival of patients with MPM upon their admission to PCU.